A-Level Religious Studies · AQA Paper 2B Harlington School · Philosophy & Ethics

Expressions of Religious Identity

One unit, one argument — told three times. What makes a Christian visibly a Christian: the water of baptism, the bread and wine of Communion, or the mission the Church is sent on?

The
big
question

Do the rituals of the Church actually do something — or do they declare something? And what is the Church itself for?

01

The sacrament spectrum

Every debate in this unit lines up on the same axis — from God acts (sacrament: something really happens) to the believer acts (declaration or service: nothing happens to the stuff). Pick a sub-topic, then tap a position to see what it claims and where it's strong or weak.

God actsThe believer acts

Tap a circle — or use Tab and Enter — to explore each position.

The thread that ties it together

Top answers don't treat the three debates separately. Three ideas run through all of them — spot the thread and you're writing at the top of the mark scheme.

Sacrament vs ordinance

Either God acts through the ritual, or the believer obeys a command. Baptism and Communion split on exactly this line.

The Quaker challenge

If faith can be fully expressed by a good life, is any outward sign needed? The same objection returns in every debate.

Done to you, or declared by you?

Is Christian identity something received — or something performed? The answer decides who gets baptised, who receives, and what mission means.

02

The same question, three times

The unit splits into three debates. They look different, but each is really asking what the ritual — or the Church — actually does.

Sub-topic 1

Baptism

Does the water do anything?
CatholicA sacrament — grace washes original sin; infants; irreversible.
BaptistAn ordinance — believer's baptism after testimony, by immersion.
QuakerNo water at all — the Spirit-baptism is inward (Mark 1:8).
The debateSix arguments for infant baptism — and six against.
Sub-topic 2

Holy Communion

Does anything happen?
CatholicTransubstantiation — the Real Presence; the Mass re-enacts the cross.
BaptistMemorialist — the Lord's Supper remembers; the bread stays bread.
Quakers & SANo Communion at all — faith is lived, not ritualised.
The catch'This IS my body' — but 'do this in REMEMBRANCE of me'.
Sub-topic 3

The Mission of the Church

Sent to do what?
EvangelismCMS · TEAM · Alpha — make disciples of all nations.
The poorChildren's Society · Christian Aid · CUF — serve, don't convert.
The communityParish provision → ecumenism → Fresh Expressions.
DissentQuakers · Salvation Army · Exclusive Brethren.
03

Your resources

🎯 Practice and intervention for this unit · the Arena warm-up, the same question answered at D, C, B and A*, the four moves of your tier, timed writing with Coach Owl

Everything for the unit, in one place. Open a sub-topic's lesson, booklet and podcast, and use the Philosopher Companion across all three.

Teacher setup: links aren't set yet. Open this file, find the LINKS list near the bottom, and paste each SharePoint share link once. Buttons with no link show as “Link not set”.
04

How to revise this unit

Use your resources in this order. The Philosopher Companion is where you learn to plan both question types.

Watch the lesson & listen to the podcast

One podcast per sub-topic — a teacher and student talk each view through to a judgement. Annotate as you listen.

Complete the greyscale booklet

Read the given text, write the key claims in your own words, then decide the strength and weakness you'd give each view.

Match & apply the key terms

In the Companion: match each term to its meaning, then use it in a sentence. RAG-rate the mastery checklist with the three faces.

Plan AO1, then build AO2 on top

Use the Companion frameworks and the guidance-left / your-turn-right scaffolds. Never evaluate what you haven't first explained.

AO1 · Examine the views (10)
What it is — the factual chain: define sacrament and ordinance, then set out each understanding in order and apply the evidence (e.g. Mark 1:4–11, 1 Cor 11).
Aim — explain the whole range accurately and neutrally. No judging yet.
AO2 · Evaluate the claim (15)
What it is — a three-paragraph dialectic: view, then evaluation → counter-evaluation → implication; mirror it; then judge.
Aim — weigh the views, use one as a lens on another, and reach a justified judgement that links back to your thesis.
05

Watch: the whole unit in one go

A full review of Expressions of Religious Identity — Baptism, Holy Communion and the Mission of the Church. Best watched before you start revising, then again to check your recall.

Video not set

Teacher: paste the YouTube link in the VIDEO_URL line near the bottom of this file. The player then appears here automatically.

06

Flashcards — test yourself

Flip a card to check yourself. Switch between key terms (term → meaning) and views (view → claim, strength & weakness), and filter by sub-topic.

Tap any card to flip ·