A-Level Philosophy & Ethics · AQA Paper 1 Harlington School · Philosophy & Ethics

Normative Ethical Theories: Natural Moral Law

One unit, one argument — told three times. Can reason alone, reading a fixed human nature, deliver a moral law binding on everyone?

The
big
question

Does natural moral law survive contact with a real, particular case — or does the rule break the moment it meets one?

01

The authority spectrum

Every debate in this unit lines up on the same kind of axis — from fixed, exceptionless to flexible, case-by-case. Pick a sub-topic, then tap a position to see what it claims and where it's strong or weak.

Left poleRight pole

Tap a circle — or use Tab and Enter — to explore each position.

The thread that ties it together

Top answers don't treat the three sub-topics separately. One tension runs through all of them — spot it and you're writing at the top of the mark scheme.

Exceptionless rules vs particular cases

Every sub-topic returns to the same fault-line: can a rule that admits no exceptions survive contact with one agonising, particular case?

Reason vs revelation

Aquinas grounds the law in reason reading a common human nature — but 'worship God' and the beatific vision both quietly assume a Creator.

The proportionalist turn

Each time application gets hard — the starving man, the lying verdict, abortion — someone asks whether a PROPORTIONATE reason should override the rule.

02

The same question, three times

The unit splits into three sub-topics. They look different, but each is really asking how far a rule can bind before it breaks.

Sub-topic 1

Aquinas' NML

Where does the law come from?
Four-fold lawOne order, known four ways.
First precept'Good is to be pursued, evil avoided.'
Primary preceptsPreserve life · reproduce · educate · worship · society.
TelosFlourishing on Earth → the beatific vision.
Sub-topic 2

Applying NML

Does it survive real cases?
Secondary preceptsAbsolute ends, flexible detail.
Real vs apparent goodsWe mistake evil for good.
The virtuesCharacter completes the law.
Double effectOne act, two effects.
Sub-topic 3

Proportionalism & Evaluating

Can a reason override the rule?
ManualismNML narrowed into a rule-book.
ProportionalismProportionate reason overturns rules.
Veritatis SplendorSome acts are intrinsically evil.
VerdictAn anchor — or a source of misery?
03

Your resources

🎯 Practice and intervention for this unit · the Arena warm-up, the same question answered at D, C, B and A*, the four moves of your tier, timed writing with Coach Owl

Everything for the unit, in one place. Open a sub-topic's lesson, booklet and podcast, and use the Philosopher Companion across all three.

Teacher setup: links aren't set yet. Open this file, find the LINKS list near the bottom, and paste each SharePoint share link once. Buttons with no link show as “Link not set”.
04

How to revise this unit

Use your resources in this order. The Philosopher Companion is where you learn to plan both question types.

Watch the lesson & listen to the podcast

One podcast per sub-topic — a teacher and student talk each view through to a judgement. Annotate as you listen.

Complete the greyscale booklet

Read the given text, write the key claims in your own words, then decide the strength and weakness you'd give each view.

Match & apply the key terms

In the Companion: match each term to its meaning, then use it in a sentence. RAG-rate the mastery checklist with the three faces.

Plan AO1, then build AO2 on top

Use the Companion frameworks and the guidance-left / your-turn-right scaffolds. Never evaluate what you haven't first explained.

AO1 · Examine the theory (10)
What it is — the factual chain: define natural moral law, then set out the four-fold division, the first precept and the primary precepts in order, applying real detail (the five precepts, the telos).
Aim — explain the whole chain accurately and neutrally. No judging yet.
AO2 · Evaluate the claim (15)
What it is — a three-paragraph dialectic: view, then evaluation → counter-evaluation → implication; mirror it; then judge.
Aim — weigh the views, use one as a lens on another (e.g. proportionalism on double effect), and reach a justified judgement that links back to your thesis.
05

Watch: the whole unit in one go

A full review of Natural Moral Law — Aquinas' theory, its application, and proportionalism. Best watched before you start revising, then again to check your recall.

Video not set

Teacher: paste the YouTube link in the VIDEO_URL line near the bottom of this file. The player then appears here automatically.

06

Flashcards — test yourself

Flip a card to check yourself. Switch between key terms (term → meaning) and views (view → claim, strength & weakness), and filter by sub-topic.

Tap any card to flip ·