A-Level Religious Studies · AQA Paper 1 Harlington School · Philosophy & Ethics

Situation Ethics

Joseph Fletcher takes the whole rule-book away and leaves exactly one line on it: do the most loving thing. One unit, one move — worked out three times.

The
big
question

Is one rule enough — or does taking the others away leave nothing at all to hold on to?

01

The rules spectrum

Every argument in this unit lines up on the same axis — from rules decide everything to nothing decides in advance. Fletcher plants himself in the middle. Pick a sub-topic, then tap a position to see what it claims and where it is strong or weak.

Rules decideNothing decides

Tap a circle — or use Tab and Enter — to explore each position.

The thread that ties it together

Top answers do not treat the three sub-topics as three separate lists. The same three ideas run through all of them — spot the thread and you are writing at the top of the mark scheme.

One rule, no rules

Situationism is defined by what it stands between — legalism, where the rules decide, and antinomianism, where nothing does.

Love has to do arithmetic

Agape is willed rather than felt, so it can be calculated. That is the theory’s power — and the thing critics find scandalous.

Every strength has a cost

Flexibility buys relevance and pays in consensus; autonomy buys freedom and pays in authority. Pair them, never list them.

The spine of the unitFletcher removes every moral rule but one. Everything else in this unit is a consequence of that single move.

02

The same question, three times

Each sub-topic ends in the same shape of argument: both sides agree on the facts and split on what settles the question. Learn one case per sub-topic and you can argue all three.

Sub-topic 1 · The Middle Way

The axe-murderer at the door

Why did Christian ethics need a ‘new morality’ — and can a middle way between rules and no-rules hold?

The legalist reading — the rule settles it

  • Lying is wrong absolutely; what follows from it does not change that.
  • Rules protect the weak precisely because they do not bend for hard cases.
  • If the murderer kills, the guilt is his act, not yours.

The situationist reading — the person settles it

  • Ask who is to be helped: obviously your friend, not the man with the axe.
  • Love is the only absolute; truth-telling is a variable serving it.
  • You must accept the responsibility of deciding — including being wrong.
Sub-topic 2 · The Six Propositions

The Wilderness Road

If love is the only rule, how do you actually work out what to do?

The legalist verdict — the first woman was right

  • Killing an innocent child is wrong in itself; no outcome can make it right.
  • Once innocent life is a permissible means, no life is safe from a calculation.
  • Rules exist for exactly the moments when the arithmetic says break them.

The situationist verdict — the second woman was right

  • Her agapeic calculation was the only one that saved anybody at all.
  • Both women acted out of love, so motive cannot be what separates them.
  • Fletcher’s answer to ‘does an evil means cancel a good end?’ is no.
Sub-topic 3 · Evaluating SE

‘It gives no rules’

Is one rule enough — or does situation ethics collapse into whatever you happen to want?

It is the fatal flaw

  • A theory that forbids nothing in advance cannot protect anyone from a sincere calculation.
  • It sets aside centuries of accumulated Church and biblical experience.
  • Barclay: law distils what has been found to work — and not all men are angels.

It is the whole point

  • Rules run out exactly where the hard cases begin; that is why casuistry exists.
  • Jesus acted situationally — the woman taken in adultery was saved by a rule set aside.
  • It is not lawless: you owe a reason, and ‘it served love’ can be challenged.
03

Your resources

🎯 Practice and intervention for this unit · the Arena warm-up, the same question answered at D, C, B and A*, the four moves of your tier, timed writing with Coach Owl

Everything for the unit, in one place. Open a sub-topic’s lesson, booklet and podcast, and use the Philosopher Companion across all three.

Teacher setup: links aren’t set yet. Open this file, find the LINKS list near the bottom, and paste each SharePoint share link once. Buttons with no link show as “Link not set”.
04

How to revise this unit

Use your resources in this order. The Philosopher Companion is where you learn to plan both question types — never evaluate what you have not first explained.

Watch the lesson & listen to the podcast

One podcast per sub-topic — a teacher and a student talk each position through to a judgement. Annotate as you listen.

Complete the booklet

Put Fletcher’s claims into your own words, then decide the strength and the weakness you would give each position.

Learn the terms and the numbers

Match each key term to its meaning, then use it in a sentence. Quote the six propositions by number and by content — the cheapest AO1 marks in the unit.

Rehearse the cases

The axe-murderer, the Wilderness Road, Bonhoeffer, the burning plane. One case, argued both ways, is worth a page of general comment.

Plan AO1, then build AO2 on top

Use the Companion frameworks and the comparison grid. Pair every strength with the cost it carries — that pairing is what a top level looks like.

AO1 · “Examine…” (10 marks)
What it is — the factual chain of reasoning: define the terms, then set out each position in order, with Fletcher’s own evidence and cases.
Aim — explain the whole range accurately and neutrally, in Fletcher’s terms. No judging yet.
AO2 · “Evaluate this claim.” (15 marks)
What it is — a three-paragraph dialectic: take the claim seriously, give Fletcher’s reply, then press from the other side — evaluation → counter-evaluation → implication.
Aim — weigh the positions, hold rival theories to the same standard, and reach a justified judgement that links back to one sustained thesis.
Paper 2B · dialogues (25 marks)
Also worth knowing — the 25-mark dialogue questions ask how ideas in one area feed another. The same skill, longer: state the shared ground first, then the two readings, then judge.
05

Watch: the whole unit in one go

A full review of Situation Ethics — the middle way, the six propositions, and the evaluation. Best watched before you start revising, then again to check your recall.

Video not set

Teacher: paste the YouTube link in the VIDEO_URL line near the bottom of this file. The player then appears here automatically.

06

Flashcards — test yourself

Flip a card to check yourself. Switch between key terms (term → meaning) and positions (position → claim, strength & weakness), and filter by sub-topic.

Tap any card to flip ·