A-Level Religious Studies · AQA Paper 1 Harlington School · Philosophy & Ethics

Aristotle's Virtue & Ethics

Every other ethical theory you study asks what should I do? This one asks something different: what sort of person should I be? Everything that follows — and every objection to it — comes from that single change of question.

The
big
question

Can an ethics built on character, rather than rules, actually tell anyone how to live?

9 questions in our past-paper bank are directly about virtue ethics — across 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024. This is not an optional topic.
01

The virtue spectrum

Each sub-topic lines its positions up on an axis. Pick a sub-topic, then tap a position to see what it claims and where it is strong or weak. If you can order them, you understand them.

Tap a circle — or use Tab and Enter — to explore each position.

The thread that ties it together

Top answers do not treat the three lessons separately. Three ideas run through all of them — spot the thread and you are writing at the top of the mark scheme.

Agent, not act

Virtue ethics asks what you should BE, not what you should DO. Every strength and every weakness follows from that one move.

Function drives everything

The Function Argument gives the goal, the goal shapes the virtues, the virtues need the mean. Break the first link and the rest wobbles.

No rules — problem or point?

Both sides agree virtue ethics issues no rules. Whether that is fatal or the whole point IS the evaluation.

02

One theory, three questions

The unit splits into three lessons. Each answers a different question — and each one has to work for the theory to stand.

Sub-topic 1

Eudaimonia & the Function Argument

What is the goal?
PleasureRejected — even cattle experience it.
WealthRejected — a means, never an end.
HonourRejected — given by others, easily lost.
EudaimoniaThe soul's activity in accord with virtue.
Sub-topic 2

The Virtues & the Doctrine of the Mean

How do we get there?
Moral virtueBuilt by habit, learned by imitating role models.
Intellectual virtueGoverned by practical wisdom (the phronimos).
The meanBetween excess and deficiency, relative to us.
VoluntaryKnow it and choose it — no virtue by accident.
Sub-topic 3

Theoria & Evaluating Virtue Ethics

Does it work?
TheoriaAristotle's surprise ending: contemplation.
The defenceAnscombe 1958; Schwartz on practical wisdom.
RelativismAthens · Victorians · Europe · China.
StructuralCircular · fallacy of composition · anthropocentric.
03

Your resources

🎯 Practice and intervention for this unit · the Arena warm-up, the same question answered at D, C, B and A*, the four moves of your tier, timed writing with Coach Owl

Everything for the unit, in one place. Open a sub-topic's lesson, booklet and podcast, and use the Philosopher Companion across all three.

Teacher setup: links aren't set yet. Open this file, find the LINKS list near the bottom, and paste each SharePoint share link once. Buttons with no link show as "Link not set".
04

How to revise this unit

Use your resources in this order. The Philosopher Companion is where you learn to plan all three question types.

Watch the lesson & listen to the podcast

One podcast per sub-topic — a teacher and student talk each position through to a judgement. Annotate as you listen.

Complete the greyscale booklet

Read the given text, write the key claims in your own words, then decide the strength and weakness YOU would give each position.

Match & apply the key terms

In the Companion: match each term to its meaning, then use it in a sentence of your own. RAG-rate the mastery checklist with the three faces.

Plan AO1, then build AO2 on top

Use the Companion frameworks and the guidance-left / your-turn-right scaffolds. Never evaluate what you have not first explained.

Write one timed answer from a plan only

Fifteen minutes, no notes beyond your plan. Then check it against the worked example in Part 4.

AO1 · Examine… (10 marks)
What it is — a factual chain of reasoning. Define the key term, set out the position in order, and make each link make the next necessary.
Watch for — if the question names an issue (e.g. lying), applying the theory to it is compulsory. No evaluation: there are no marks for it here.
AO2 · Evaluate this claim. (15 marks)
What it is — a three-paragraph dialectic. Thesis → strongest case for → strongest case against, weighing BOTH → the decisive consideration.
Aim — a judgement that answers the claim directly. "It has strengths and weaknesses" is not a judgement.
AO3 · Critically examine… (25 marks)
What it is — Paper 2B Section C dialogue. Virtue ethics meets Christian ethics — both traditions must be genuinely present, not just named.
05

Watch: the whole unit in one go

A full review of Aristotle's virtue ethics — eudaimonia, the mean, theoria and the evaluation. Best watched before you start revising, then again to check your recall.

Video not set

Teacher: paste the YouTube link in the VIDEO_URL line near the bottom of this file. The player then appears here automatically.

06

Flashcards — test yourself

Flip a card to check yourself. Switch between key terms (term → meaning) and positions (position → claim, strength & weakness), and filter by sub-topic.

Tap any card to flip ·