A-Level Religious Studies · AQA Paper 1: Philosophy of Religion Harlington School · Philosophy & Ethics

Evil & Suffering

One unit, one argument — asked four times. The problem stated at full strength, then three responses: the Free Will Defence, Hick's soul-making, and Griffin's Process Theodicy.

The
big
question

Can an all-powerful, all-loving God have a sufficient reason for allowing the evil we actually see?

01

The spectrum of the debate

Each lesson lines its positions up on one axis — how serious the problem is, and how much each response explains, justifies, or surrenders. Pick a sub-topic, then tap a position to see what it claims and where it's strong or weak.

Most authorityLeast authority

Tap a circle — or use Tab and Enter — to explore each position.

The thread that ties it together

Top answers don't treat the four lessons separately. Three ideas run through all of them — spot the thread and you're writing at the top of the mark scheme.

The evidential problem outlives every answer

The triad can be answered; Ivan's returned ticket and Rowe's fawn cannot. Every response solves the logic better than the evidence.

Greenberg's test

No statement should be made that would not be credible in the presence of burning children. Hold every theodicy to it.

Every response sacrifices something

Plantinga gives up truth-claims, Hick gives up testability, Griffin gives up omnipotence. Name the sacrifice and the essay opens up.

02

The same question, four times

The unit splits into four lessons. They look different, but each is really asking whether God has a sufficient reason for evil.

Sub-topic 1

The Problem of Evil

Is belief in God still possible?
The triadOmnipotent, all-loving — yet evil exists (Epicurus).
Escape routesDeny power · deny love · deny evil (privatio boni).
OverwhelmingIvan Karamazov returns the ticket.
PointlessRowe's fawn — and an omniscient creator saw it all.
Sub-topic 2

The Free Will Defence

Is freedom worth the price?
MackieOrdered goods — then the free-saints attack.
PlantingaPW3 is a round square; MSR 1 & 2.
Natural evilNature must be free to follow its laws.
The catchCoherence won — but only possibility, not truth.
Sub-topic 3

Hick's Soul-Making

Is the world a vale of soul-making?
Against Augustine'Utterly unacceptable' — scientifically, morally, logically.
Bios → ZoeCreated imperfect, grown towards God's likeness.
Epistemic distanceCertainty would compel; ambiguity frees.
All savedHell abolished — heaven justifies the journey.
Sub-topic 4

Process Theodicy

Is God able to stop evil at all?
From chaosGenesis retranslated — order imposed, not creation from nothing.
PanentheismGod is the soul of an eternal universe.
PersuasionNo miracles — only the long divine lure.
Roth's protest'Griffin's God is too small' to worship.
03

Your resources

🎯 Practice and intervention for this unit · the Arena warm-up, the same question answered at D, C, B and A*, the four moves of your tier, timed writing with Coach Owl

Everything for the unit, in one place. Open a sub-topic's lesson, booklet and podcast, and use the Philosopher Companion across all four.

Teacher setup: links aren't set yet. Open this file, find the LINKS list near the bottom, and paste each SharePoint share link once. Buttons with no link show as “Link not set”.
04

How to revise this unit

Use your resources in this order. The Philosopher Companion is where you learn to plan both question types.

Watch the lesson & listen to the podcast

One podcast per sub-topic — a teacher and student talk each position through to a judgement. Annotate as you listen.

Complete the greyscale booklet

Read the given text, write the key claims in your own words, then decide the strength and weakness you'd give each position.

Match & apply the key terms

In the Companion: match each term to its meaning, then use it in a sentence. RAG-rate the mastery checklist with the three faces.

Plan AO1, then build AO2 on top

Use the Companion frameworks and the guidance-left / your-turn-right scaffolds. Never evaluate what you haven't first explained.

AO1 · Examine the views (10)
What it is — the factual chain: define the problem, then set out each position in order and apply the evidence (e.g. Rowe's fawn, the Holocaust).
Aim — explain the whole range accurately and neutrally. No judging yet.
AO2 · Evaluate the claim (15)
What it is — a three-paragraph dialectic: view, then evaluation → counter-evaluation → implication; mirror it; then judge.
Aim — weigh the positions, use one as a lens on another, and reach a justified judgement that links back to your thesis.
05

Watch: the whole unit in one go

A full review of Evil & Suffering — the problem, the Free Will Defence, Hick and Griffin. Best watched before you start revising, then again to check your recall.

Video not set

Teacher: paste the YouTube link in the VIDEO_URL line near the bottom of this file. The player then appears here automatically.

06

Flashcards — test yourself

Flip a card to check yourself. Switch between key terms (term → meaning) and positions (position → claim, strength & weakness), and filter by sub-topic.

Tap any card to flip ·