A-Level Religious Studies · AQA Paper 2B Harlington School · Philosophy & Ethics

Gender & Sexuality

2C · Unit 1 — Christianity, gender and sexuality. One unit, one method question — asked four times: the place of women, female ordination, Hampson & Ruether, and celibacy, marriage, homosexuality & transgender.

The
big
question

When Christianity speaks about gender and sexuality, who fixes the meaning — the plain text, the Church, the critical scholar, or the welcome of Jesus?

01

The interpretation spectrum

Every debate in this unit lines up on the same axis — from the texts bind (God speaks, for all time) to the texts are re-read (context, criticism, or the welcome of Jesus decides). Pick a sub-topic, then tap a position to see what it claims and where it's strong or weak.

The texts bindThe texts are re-read

Tap a circle — or use Tab and Enter — to explore each position.

The thread that ties it together

Top answers don't treat the four debates separately. Three ideas run through all of them — spot the thread and you're writing at the top of the mark scheme.

Who fixes the meaning?

Fundamentalist, Barthian, Catholic or critical — every position on women, orders and sexuality flows from a prior decision about HOW to read.

Tradition vs equality

An unbroken succession from the apostles — against 'all one in Christ Jesus'. Ordination, feminism and sexuality all replay this collision.

The slavery parallel

The letters that tell wives to submit tell slaves to obey — and the Church re-read the second. The strongest lever in the whole unit.

02

The same question, four times

The unit splits into four debates. They look different, but each is really asking who fixes the meaning of the tradition.

Sub-topic 1

The Place of Women

Do the texts speak for God — or their century?
The textsPhoebe & Junia lead (Romans 16) — yet 1 Timothy 2 commands silence.
The methodBiblical criticism: language, form, background — vs Barth and fundamentalism.
The responsesEgalitarian vs Complementarian; the Catholic 'equal but different'.
On trial1 Timothy 2:8–15 — post-Pauline, a crisis at Ephesus, and authentein.
Sub-topic 2

Female Ordination

Can the Church change what the apostles handed on?
AgainstApostolic Succession; Inter Insigniores (1976); Jesus' male Twelve.
ForGalatians 3:28; the believers' priesthood; Li Tim-Oi (1944).
The roadLambeth 1920 → deacons 1987 → priests 1994 → Libby Lane 2015.
The settlement'Flying bishops' — strained by North and Jesmond (2017).
Sub-topic 3

Hampson & Ruether

Reform the tradition — or leave it?
The chargeChristian theology is patriarchal — made by men, for men.
HampsonPost-Christian: not true, not moral — irredeemably sexist.
RuetherThe androgynous Christ; the female nature more Christlike.
1986They debated it: 'Is there a place for feminists in a Christian Church?'
Sub-topic 4

Celibacy, Marriage, Homosexuality & Transgender

Do the texts judge the welcome — or the welcome the texts?
CelibacyPaul's concession → the Catholic rule → the Evangelical reversal.
MarriageSacrament ('one flesh') vs Luther's 'worldly thing' — divorce splits here.
HomosexualityLeviticus & Romans vs Sodom-as-inhospitality (Ezekiel 16:49).
TransgenderNo direct texts — both sides argue from creation (Genesis 1:27).
03

Your resources

🎯 Practice and intervention for this unit · the Arena warm-up, the same question answered at D, C, B and A*, the four moves of your tier, timed writing with Coach Owl

Everything for the unit, in one place. Open a sub-topic's lesson, booklet and podcast, and use the Philosopher Companion across all four.

Teacher setup: links aren't set yet. Open this file, find the LINKS list near the bottom, and paste each SharePoint share link once. Buttons with no link show as “Link not set”.
04

How to revise this unit

Use your resources in this order. The Philosopher Companion is where you learn to plan both question types.

Watch the lesson & listen to the podcast

One podcast per sub-topic — a teacher and student talk each position through to a judgement. Annotate as you listen.

Complete the greyscale booklet

Read the given text, write the key claims in your own words, then decide the strength and weakness you'd give each view.

Match & apply the key terms

In the Companion: match each term to its meaning, then use it in a sentence. RAG-rate the mastery checklist with the three faces.

Plan AO1, then build AO2 on top

Use the Companion frameworks and the guidance-left / your-turn-right scaffolds. Never evaluate what you haven't first explained.

AO1 · Examine the views (10)
What it is — the factual chain: define the key terms, then set out each position in order and apply the evidence (e.g. Galatians 3:28, 1 Timothy 2:12, Inter Insigniores).
Aim — explain the whole range accurately and neutrally. No judging yet.
AO2 · Evaluate the claim (15)
What it is — a three-paragraph dialectic: view, then evaluation → counter-evaluation → implication; mirror it; then judge.
Aim — weigh the views, use one as a lens on another, and reach a justified judgement that links back to your thesis.
05

Watch: the whole unit in one go

A full review of 2C · Unit 1 — Gender — the place of women, female ordination, Hampson & Ruether, and sexuality. Best watched before you start revising, then again to check your recall.

Video not set

Teacher: paste the YouTube link in the VIDEO_URL line near the bottom of this file. The player then appears here automatically.

06

Flashcards — test yourself

Flip a card to check yourself. Switch between key terms (term → meaning) and views (view → claim, strength & weakness), and filter by sub-topic.

Tap any card to flip ·