A-Level Religious Studies · AQA Paper 2B Harlington School · Philosophy & Ethics

Christianity and Science

Six sub-topics, one argument: what happens to Christian belief when knowledge is built on evidence and reason. Evidence & reason · the discoveries · science & ethics · the challenge to belief · Polkinghorne · genetic engineering.

The
big
question

When science explains the world by evidence and reason, how much room is left for God — and what kind of God survives?

01

The knowledge spectrum

Every debate in this unit lines up on one axis — from science alone decides to faith is untouched. Pick a sub-topic, then tap a position to see what it claims and where it is strong or weak.

Tap a circle — or use Tab and Enter — to explore each position.

The thread that ties it together

Top answers don't treat the six sub-topics separately. Three ideas run through all of them — spot the thread and you're writing at the top of the mark scheme.

What KIND of thing is God?

A being inside the world can be crowded out by explanation; Being-itself cannot. Almost every argument here turns on which one you mean.

What counts as EVIDENCE?

Falsification, fine-tuning, religious experience, scripture. Each sub-topic asks whether faith may argue from evidence — or must live without it.

Adapt or refuse?

Rahner and Fletcher adapt; creationism refuses. The same choice returns for evolution, for ethics and for genetic engineering.

02

The same question, six times

The unit splits into six debates. They look different, but each is really asking how much room scientific explanation leaves for God.

Sub-topic 1

Evidence & Reason

If knowledge must rest on evidence and reason, where does that leave faith?

The scientific outlookEvidence in, hypothesis out, test everything — and hold every belief tentatively.
ScientismThe step further: science is the ONLY route to true knowledge — and it will explain everything.
DeismAn intelligent but IMPERSONAL creator: God builds the machine, winds it up — and walks away.
ExistentialismFaith answers questions of MEANING, not questions of MECHANISM — so there is nothing to fight over.
Sub-topic 2

The Discoveries

Do the great discoveries dismantle Christian belief — or describe how God creates?

EvolutionA simple natural mechanism that explains design — and dethrones purpose.
The Big BangNot an explosion IN space — the expansion OF space: a universe with a beginning.
Quantum theoryUncertainty built into nature — an obstacle for a clockwork God, an opening for a subtle one.
NeuroscienceIf every experience is brain activity, what is left of the soul?
Sub-topic 3

Science & Ethics

Science keeps widening what CAN be done — can Christian ethics keep deciding what SHOULD be done?

Modern medicineThe power to prolong life — and the duty to decide when not to.
Evolutionary ethicsIf only the fittest survive, is compassion a design flaw?
Environmental ethicsThe crisis science measured — and a doctrine helped cause.
The stimulus thesisScience is the ally that will not let Christian ethics sleep.
Sub-topic 4

The Challenge to Belief

When science explains, does God shrink — and what kind of God survives?

The case for the challengeGod retreats as explanation advances — and an unfalsifiable God is no claim at all.
The Christian responsesThree ways to say the same thing: there never was a gap, because God was never a gap-filler.
The Big Bang contestedA beginning, impossibly tuned — or one lucky universe among 10⁵⁰⁰?
Creationist viewsWhere the Bible and science differ, believe the Bible — three ways of saying so.
Sub-topic 5

Polkinghorne

Does Polkinghorne PROVE science and Christianity are compatible — or only that a scientist can believe?

Science and CreationThe world can be UNDERSTOOD — and that is the most religiously suggestive fact of all.
Science and ProvidenceA personal God with real content: acting patiently, subtly, at the quantum level.
One WorldTwo disciplines, one method: ordering experience into precise truth.
The general verdictOne valid scientific claim — 'there is a God' — and an honest limit: it is not specifically Christian.
Sub-topic 6

Genetic Engineering

Healing, improving, redesigning — where must a Christian draw the line on genetic engineering?

The foundational splitBoth sides start from 'life is God's gift' — and walk in opposite directions.
The Catholic responseFeed the hungry, heal the sick, hesitate at the germline — and never redesign humanity.
The Protestant rangeMany churches, one spectrum — with Fletcher refusing to rule anything out.
The Adventist frameworkOne church wrote it down: four areas of concern, ten principles.
03

Your resources

🎯 Practice and intervention for this unit · the Arena warm-up, the same question answered at D, C, B and A*, the four moves of your tier, timed writing with Coach Owl🎯 Practice and intervention: the genetic-engineering AO2 page · the Arena warm-up, the same question answered at D, C, B and A*, the four moves of your tier, timed writing with Coach Owl

Everything for this unit, in one place. Teach order per sub-topic: lesson deck → podcast while completing the booklet → review lesson → the Companion.

Teacher: paste your SharePoint share links into the LINKS object near the bottom of this file. Buttons stay greyed out until a link is set.

04

How to revise this unit

Use your resources in this order. The Philosopher Companion is where you learn to plan both question types.

Watch the lesson & listen to the podcast

One podcast per sub-topic — a teacher and student talk each position through to a judgement. Annotate as you listen.

Complete the greyscale booklet

Read the given text, write the key claims in your own words, then decide the strength and weakness you'd give each position.

Match & apply the key terms

In the Companion: match each term to its meaning, then use it in a sentence. RAG-rate the mastery checklist with the three faces.

Plan AO1, then build AO2 on top

Use the Companion frameworks and the guidance-left / your-turn-right scaffolds. Never evaluate what you haven't first explained.

AO1 · Examine (10)
What it is — the factual chain: define the key terms, set out each position in order, and apply the evidence (evolution, the Big Bang, genetic engineering).
Aim — explain the whole range accurately and neutrally. No judging yet.
AO2 · Evaluate the claim (15)
What it is — a three-paragraph dialectic: position, then evaluation → counter-evaluation → implication; mirror it; then judge.
Aim — split the claim, weigh the positions, use one as a lens on another, and reach a judgement that links back to your thesis.
Also possible — a 25-mark “critically examine and evaluate” dialogue question that crosses components (e.g. ‘Science shows that it is not reasonable to believe in God’). Plan those last.
05

Watch: the whole unit in one go

A full review of Christianity and Science — all six sub-topics in one go. Best watched before you start revising, then again to check your recall.

Video not set

Teacher: paste the YouTube link in the VIDEO_URL line near the bottom of this file. The player then appears here automatically.

06

Flashcards — test yourself

Sixty cards. Flip one to check yourself. Switch between key terms (term → meaning) and positions (position → claim, strength & weakness), and filter by sub-topic. The same set prints as fold-over cards from the PDF above.

Tap any card to flip ·