Edexcel GCSE (9–1) Religious Studies B · Paper 2, Question 4 · Islam Harlington School · Grade 9 Summit
All eight units

Peace and Conflict

Eight topics, one summit. The divergent views set side by side, the key ideas connected, and the (d) evaluated the Level-4 way, everything for the top of the mark scheme, in one place.

The
big
question

Can religion bring peace to a world at war, and when, if ever, is a war just?

01

The divergent views explorer

Every (d) in this unit turns on the divergent views: set side by side, exactly as the examiner wants. Pick a topic, then tap a position to see what it claims. The Grade 9 move and the 7-minute discussion question travel with each topic.

Tap a circle, or use Tab and Enter, to explore each position.

The thread that ties it together

Grade 9 is not more content: it is three habits applied to every topic. Spot them and every (d) in this unit opens the same way.

Divergent views, side by side

Never one view at a time. Set them against each other: where they agree, and the exact point they part. That comparison IS the analysis.

The (d) regulation

Chain each point (claim → because → this means → therefore), steelman the other side, weigh BOTH arguments, a strength AND a limit, then justify the conclusion.

Textbook-first accuracy

A correctly named source beats a vague paraphrase. One learned line from each source, placed precisely, is worth more than a paragraph of drift.

02

Eight topics, one summit

Each panel is a topic’s key idea: the connective explanation that links the key words into one argument. Learn the chain, not the list.

Topic 1 · I25

Peace

Why do Muslims call Islam the House of Peace, and does that make Islam a religion of peace?
ASLAMAIslam comes from aslama: to surrender or submit to the will of God; submission comes first.
S-L-MThe same three consonants (s-l-m) spell salaam, peace, so submission IS peace, not two separate ideas.
INNERSubmitting to Allah brings peace inside a Muslim (Surah 6:127, the home of peace), the aim of worship.
OUTERThat inner peace then flows out into peaceful, non-confrontational relationships and wider society.
Topic 2 · I27

Why wars occur

What causes wars, and how do Muslims and non-religious people respond to those causes?
THREE CAUSESThe chapter groups causes as religion, politics (nationalism/ethnicity) and resources, rarely just one.
THE LABELReligion is often the flag a war flies. Kashmir, Sudan and Syria look religious but hide other roots.
THE ROOTFitzgerald: religion is usually “an added factor”; the real roots are social or political, like land or power.
MANUFACTUREDGoering: leaders can “drag the people along” by calling peacemakers unpatriotic, making war feel unavoidable.
Topic 3 · I29

Just War

What makes a war just, and must a Muslim fight in one?
ALL THE CONDITIONSJust cause, proper authority, last resort, chance of success, proportional methods, civilians spared, six tests.
CUMULATIVEFail a single condition and the whole war is unjust. They chain together, so no war passes on cause alone.
WHY + HOWSome conditions test the reason for going to war, others how it is fought, pass both, or the war fails entirely.
THE MODERN TRAPA just cause still fails the test if modern weapons cannot spare civilians, some Muslims say none can today.
Topic 4 · I30

Holy War & jihad

What is a Holy War in Islam, and how does it relate to the greater and lesser jihad?
JIHADThe Arabic for “struggle”: the whole idea, not fighting on its own; most jihad involves no violence at all.
GREATERThe inner struggle to become a perfect Muslim, the greatest jihad, and it involves no fighting whatsoever.
LESSERThe outer struggle to remove evil from society, only this can involve force, and even then under strict rules.
HOLY WARHarb al-Muqadis is just one part of the lesser jihad, tightly limited by hadith that spare women and children.
Topic 5 · I28

Pacifism

What is pacifism, and can it sit alongside the teachings of Islam?
PACIFISMRefusing ALL violence, even turning the other cheek. The Qur’an has no such idea, so most Muslims reject it.
PASSIVE RESISTANCENon-violent OPPOSITION to authority: it still resists, just without weapons, as in the Arab Spring.
THE EVIDENCESurah 5:28 (Moses’ brothers withdraw); the Arab Spring toppled Mubarak non-violently in Tahrir Square.
KHANKhan Abdul Ghaffar Khan built a non-violent Muslim movement alongside Gandhi against British rule.
Topic 6 · I31

WMD

Can possessing weapons that could destroy millions ever be right?
6 AUG 1945The atomic bomb on Hiroshima killed 84,000, yet Japan still would not surrender three days later.
9 AUG 1945A second bomb on Nagasaki killed 40,000 and finally brought the Second World War to an end.
MADSince both sides would be destroyed, no nuclear power dares strike, “no world war since 1945”, MAD claims.
THE FLAWDeterrence holds only while every leader stays rational; one failure risks worldwide nuclear extinction.
Topic 7 · I26

Victims of war

What does war cost its victims, and how do Muslim organisations work for peace?
THE COSTSCasualties, displacement (refugees) and expense: over 60 million died in WW2, most of them civilians.
RELIEFOne task is helping the victims: the refugees, the displaced and the injured left by every conflict.
PREVENTIONThe other is removing causes: the Ahmadiyya forum tackled the funding of terrorism as far back as 2014.
PROPHETIC JIHADThe Muslim Peace Fellowship’s non-violent struggle links straight back to the greater jihad’s ideal.
Topic 8 · I32

Forgiveness

Does lasting peace need justice, forgiveness, reconciliation, or all three?
JUSTICEFirst remove the cause: unjust laws breed rebellion, as in Syria against the Assad regime since 2011.
FORGIVENESSThen heal the resentment: God is merciful, so a Muslim must forgive others to be forgiven by Him.
RECONCILIATIONThen bring the enemies together: “make peace… between your contending brothers” (Surah 49:9–10).
LASTING PEACERepel evil with good until an enemy becomes “a friend and intimate” (Surah 41:34–35), ending hatred.
03

Your resources

Everything for the unit, in one place: each topic’s lesson, booklet pages and podcast episode, plus the unit-wide booklet editions, schemes of work and the guide.

Teacher setup: links aren't set yet. Open this file, find the LINKS list near the bottom, and paste each SharePoint share link once. Buttons with no link show as "Link not set".
04

How to revise this unit

Use the resources in this order: the same loop as the lessons, so revision feels like coming home.

Bell work first · retrieve before you re-read

Five recall questions from memory, self-scored /5. Then the come-back tracker: the same five at +1 week and +1 month.

Listen along to the episode

One six-minute podcast per topic. Capture the six mind-map branches as it plays. The episode does the exposition so you can do the thinking.

Work the booklet pages

Four pages per topic: the key idea, two source quotes, the divergent views side by side, and the full (d). The Key Idea edition adds the 7-minute discussion.

Write the (d) the Level-4 way

Chain · steelman · weigh both (strength AND limit) · justify. Check yourself against the Level 3-vs-Level 4 models on lessons 3 and 6.

The marks map · (a) (b) (c) · 12 marks
(a) 3 marks · outline three. Three crisp sentences, no development needed.
(b) 4 marks · explain two. Each point + one development.
(c) 5 marks · explain two WITH a named source: one learned line, placed exactly.
The (d) · 12 marks · half the question
What it is · a full evaluation: agree and disagree developed, the non-religious voice engaged where the question invites it.
The grade 9 gap · Level 3 asserts its judgement; Level 4 chains, weighs both sides, and justifies a conclusion that survives the strongest counter.
05

Watch: the whole unit in one go

A full review of Peace and Conflict: all eight topics as one argument. Best watched before you revise, then again to check recall.

Video not set

Teacher: paste the YouTube link in the VIDEO_URL line near the bottom of this file. The player then appears here automatically.

06

Flashcards · test yourself

Flip a card to check yourself. Switch between key terms (term → meaning) and divergent views (view → what it claims), and filter by topic.

Tap any card to flip ·