Edexcel GCSE (9–1) Religious Studies B · Paper 1, Question 4 · Christianity Harlington School · SumHclass grade

Matters of Life and Death

Eight topics, one summit. The divergent views set side by side, the key ideas connected, and the (d) evaluated the Level-4 way, everything for the top of the mark scheme, in one place.

The
big
question

Who decides when life begins and ends: God, science, or us?

01

The divergent views explorer

Every (d) in this unit turns on the divergent views: set side by side, exactly as the examiner wants. Pick a topic, then tap a position to see what it claims. The Grade 9 move and the 7-minute discussion question travel with each topic.

Tap a circle, or use Tab and Enter, to explore each position.

The thread that ties it together

Grade 9 is not more content: it is three habits applied to every topic. Spot them and every (d) in this unit opens the same way.

Divergent views, side by side

Never one view at a time. Set them against each other: where they agree, and the exact point they part. That comparison IS the analysis.

The (d) regulation

Chain each point (claim → because → this means → therefore), steelman the other side, weigh BOTH arguments, a strength AND a limit, then justify the conclusion.

Textbook-first accuracy

A correctly named source beats a vague paraphrase. One learned line from each source, placed precisely, is worth more than a paragraph of drift.

02

Eight topics, one summit

Each panel is a topic’s key idea: the connective explanation that links the key words into one argument. Learn the chain, not the list.

Topic 1 · C25

Origins

Where did the universe come from, and how should Christians treat it?
REDSHIFTLight from galaxies is stretched to the RED end of the spectrum, proof the universe is still expanding outward.
BACKGROUND RADIATIONRadio telescopes detect background radiation everywhere in space, the cooled afterglow the Big Bang left behind.
GRAVITATIONAL WAVESIn March 2014 a South Pole telescope caught ripples from the universe’s first rapid expansion, confirming inflation.
HIGGS BOSONIn 2012 the Large Hadron Collider recreated post-Big-Bang conditions, showing how the Higgs field gave particles mass.
Topic 2 · C26

Sanctity of life

Why do Christians call life holy, and does that rule out war, self-defence and the death penalty?
GIVENGod creates life, so it is a GIFT, not a possession: no one, not even the person living it, fully owns it.
OWNED BY GODBecause life belongs to its creator, life-and-death decisions must stay “in the hands of God”, not humans.
SOSo any human act ending a life, war, self-defence, execution, now needs special justification to avoid being murder.
KNOCK-ONThe same logic drives the later clashes over abortion and euthanasia: each one is a human, not God, ending a life.
Topic 3 · C28

Abortion

Is abortion ever right, and can a Christian ever say yes?
1967 ACTLegal only if TWO doctors agree: a medical gatekeeping system, not the “abortion on demand” Humanists ask for.
1990 LIMITNo abortion after 24 weeks, unless the mother’s life is in grave danger or the foetus is severely abnormal.
WHY 24 WEEKS24 weeks was chosen because that is roughly when medical advances let a foetus survive outside the mother.
NOT UK-WIDEAbortion was still illegal in Northern Ireland, so the same law gave women different rights by postcode.
Topic 4 · C29

The afterlife

What reasons do people have for believing in life after death?
EVIDENCEAll four Gospels record the empty tomb and Jesus’ resurrection appearances, the first link in the chain.
PROMISESt Paul teaches Christians share “a resurrection like that of Jesus” (1 Corinthians 15), his rising guarantees theirs.
GRACEGod’s great love raises believers to eternal life, saving them from sin so death is not the end (Ephesians 2).
JUDGEMENTJesus will return at the end of the world to judge everyone, sending them to heaven or hell forever.
Topic 5 · C30

Non-religious views

Do the non-religious arguments defeat belief in life after death?
NO ORGANISERWith no God, there is no divine being to arrange an afterlife or create the place for it to happen.
NO MIND WITHOUT BRAINThe mind develops as the brain grows complex, so it cannot survive the body’s death, brain-dead patients need machines.
NOWHERE TO GOSpace exploration found no heaven above, and physics finds no “non-material” realm anywhere on earth.
NO WAY TO KNOW YOUWe recognise people by their bodies, so a bodiless soul could not be known, seen, or contact anyone else.
Topic 6 · C31

Euthanasia

Should the dying in agony be helped to die, or helped to live well to the end?
POSITIVE = ACTActively ending a life, assisted suicide, voluntary or non-voluntary euthanasia, is illegal, a murder charge.
PASSIVE = LET GOWithdrawing nutrition and hydration, or switching off life-support after brain death, is NOT classed as murder.
WHY IT MATTERSThis distinction lets most Christians reject killing yet still accept turning off a machine or refusing treatment.
DOUBLE EFFECTPainkillers that may shorten life are allowed, because the intention is to remove pain, not to kill (Catechism 2279).
Topic 7 · C27

Human origins

Did humans evolve by chance, or were we created by God, and can both be true?
NO ADAMIf humans evolved gradually from earlier species, there was no first couple specially created in Eden.
NO FALL, NO SINWith no Adam to disobey God, there is no Fall and no original sin passed to humanity (Romans 5:12).
NO ATONEMENTWith no original sin to inherit, there is no need for Jesus’ atoning death to save humanity from it.
NO SPECIAL VALUEAnd if we are just evolved animals, human life has “no special value other than what humans choose to give it”.
Topic 8 · C32

Natural world

What does it mean to be a steward of the earth, and do animals have rights?
NOT OURSGod made the earth, so it “belongs to God, not to humans”. Christians are only tenants, not owners.
HAND ON MOREIn the Parable of the Talents (Luke 19:11–26), God expects humans to pass on more than they were given.
LEAVE IT BETTERSo Christians have a duty to leave the earth better than they found it, for the next generation to inherit.
JUDGEMENT DAYPeople will be judged partly on how they cared for God’s creation, damaging it is treated as a sin (Assisi, 1986).
03

Your resources

Everything for the unit, in one place: each topic’s lesson, booklet pages and podcast episode, plus the unit-wide booklet editions, schemes of work and the guide.

Teacher setup: links aren't set yet. Open this file, find the LINKS list near the bottom, and paste each SharePoint share link once. Buttons with no link show as "Link not set".
04

How to revise this unit

Use the resources in this order: the same loop as the lessons, so revision feels like coming home.

Bell work first · retrieve before you re-read

Five recall questions from memory, self-scored /5. Then the come-back tracker: the same five at +1 week and +1 month.

Listen along to the episode

One six-minute podcast per topic. Capture the six mind-map branches as it plays. The episode does the exposition so you can do the thinking.

Work the booklet pages

Four pages per topic: the key idea, two source quotes, the divergent views side by side, and the full (d). The Key Idea edition adds the 7-minute discussion.

Write the (d) the Level-4 way

Chain · steelman · weigh both (strength AND limit) · justify. Check yourself against the Level 3-vs-Level 4 models on lessons 3 and 6.

The marks map · (a) (b) (c) · 12 marks
(a) 3 marks · outline three. Three crisp sentences, no development needed.
(b) 4 marks · explain two. Each point + one development.
(c) 5 marks · explain two WITH a named source: one learned line, placed exactly.
The (d) · 12 marks · half the question
What it is · a full evaluation: agree and disagree developed, the non-religious voice engaged where the question invites it.
The grade 9 gap · Level 3 asserts its judgement; Level 4 chains, weighs both sides, and justifies a conclusion that survives the strongest counter.
05

Watch: the whole unit in one go

A full review of Matters of Life and Death: all eight topics as one argument. Best watched before you revise, then again to check recall.

Video not set

Teacher: paste the YouTube link in the VIDEO_URL line near the bottom of this file. The player then appears here automatically.

06

Flashcards · test yourself

Flip a card to check yourself. Switch between key terms (term → meaning) and divergent views (view → what it claims), and filter by topic.

Tap any card to flip ·