Edexcel GCSE (9–1) Religious Studies B · Paper 2 · Area of study 2 · Crime and Punishment Harlington School · RE Course · Support Grade
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Unit 06

Crime and Punishment

Eight topics, one unit. The divergent Muslim views, and the non-religious ones the examiner expects here, set side by side, the key ideas connected, and every source of wisdom and authority in one place.

The
big
question

What does Islam teach about crime, punishment and forgiveness, and where do Muslims, and their non-religious neighbours, part company?

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The divergent views explorer

Every (d) in this unit turns on the divergent views · traditional beside reformist Muslim, beside Muslims living under UK law, and beside the non-religious voice this paper expects. Pick a topic, then tap a position to see what it claims. The top-marks move and a 7-minute discussion question travel with each topic.

Tap a circle, or use Tab and Enter, to explore each position.

The thread that ties it together

Top marks are not more content: they are three habits applied to every topic. Spot them and every (d) in this unit opens the same way.

Divergent views, side by side

Never one view at a time. Set the traditional application of Shari'ah beside the reformist reading, beside Muslims who accept the law of the land, and on this unit beside the humanist, Amnesty or UK legal view too. That comparison IS the analysis the (d) is marked on.

The (d) regulation

Chain each point (claim → because → this means → therefore), steelman the other side, weigh BOTH arguments, a strength AND a limit, then justify the conclusion.

Source-first accuracy

A correctly named source beats a vague paraphrase: 'uphold justice' (Surah 4:135), not 'the Qur'an says be fair'; the Human Rights Act 1998, not 'human rights law'. One learned line, placed precisely, is what turns a (c) from 3 marks into 5.

02

8 topics, one unit

Each panel is a topic's key idea: the connective explanation that links the key words into one argument, with the source of wisdom and authority the (c) question expects. Learn the chain, not the list.

Topic 1 · CP01

Justice

Why is justice at the heart of Islam?
ALLAH IS AL-'ADLJustice is not simply a rule Allah gives; Al-'Adl, the Just, is one of the 99 names, so justice is part of who God is.
SO MUSLIMS MUSTSurah 4:135 tells believers to uphold justice as witnesses to God, even when the evidence goes against themselves, their parents or their own relatives.
JUSTICE IN ACTIONSo justice is something done, not felt: Zakah moves wealth to those in need, courts must judge impartially, and the wronged must be put right.
PEACE NEEDS ITInjustice breeds resentment and conflict, so Muslims argue that lasting peace, inside the ummah and beyond it, is impossible until justice is done first.
Source of wisdom & authoritySurah 4:135 · 'Uphold justice'
Topic 2 · CP02

Crime

Why do people commit crimes at all?
GOD COMMANDS ITSurah 16:90-91 says God commands justice, doing good and generosity and forbids what is wrong, so crime disobeys Allah as well as harming people.
THREE CATEGORIESIslamic law sorts crime by who is wronged: Hudud against God, Qisas against a person, and Ta'zir left to the judge to decide.
WHY PEOPLE OFFENDMuslims point to poverty, drugs, upbringing, low self-esteem and the whispering of Shaytan, causes that explain an offence without ever excusing it.
REMOVE THE CAUSESIf need and neglect push people towards crime, then Zakah, education and strong families are crime prevention as much as they are charity.
Source of wisdom & authoritySurah 16:90-91 · 'God commands justice'
Topic 3 · CP03

Good, evil and suffering

Why do good people do bad things?
BORN WITH FITRAHIslam teaches that every person is born with fitrah, a natural leaning towards good and towards belief in one God, so nobody arrives evil.
BUT FREE TO CHOOSEFree will is what makes obedience worth anything, but the same freedom lets a person override conscience, reason and revelation whenever they choose.
SO EVIL IS CHOSENEvil is what humans do with that freedom, prompted by Shaytan's whispering but never forced, which is why offenders can fairly be held responsible.
AND CAN BE UNDONEBecause fitrah is damaged rather than destroyed, an offender can still be turned back, which is why reformation matters in Islam as much as punishment.
Source of wisdom & authoritySurah 76:11-12 · 'God will reward them'
Topic 4 · CP04

Punishment

What gives anyone the right to punish?
LAWFUL AUTHORITYOnly a lawful authority may punish. Private revenge is forbidden, which is why a court stands between the victim's family and the offender.
FAIR RETRIBUTIONSurah 2:178 permits Qisas, retribution equal to the harm done; the response may not exceed the injury, which caps revenge rather than encouraging it.
THE FAMILY CHOOSESIn Qisas the victim's family may take retribution, accept blood money (diyya), or forgive, and the same verse treats forgiveness as the better path.
PROOF FIRSTThere is no punishment without proof: guilt must be established before an impartial court, and Surah 4:135 binds the judge to be fair even against himself.
Source of wisdom & authoritySurah 2:178 · 'Fair retribution'
Topic 5 · CP05

Aims of punishment

Which aim of punishment matters most?
FOUR AIMSPunishment aims at deterrence (putting others off), retribution (paying for the harm), reformation (changing the offender) and protection (keeping the public safe).
THEY PULL APARTThe aims compete: a long sentence protects the public but rarely reforms anyone, and a fine may deter without repairing any of the harm done.
ALL FOUR AT ONCEMuslim teaching pursues each one: public deterrence, the proportionate retribution of Qisas, repentance that reforms, and a community kept safe from further harm.
MERCY QUALIFIESBut Surah 4:26-31 ends with God wishing to lighten the burden and turn towards people in mercy, so punishment is a means and never the point.
Source of wisdom & authoritySurah 4:26-31 · 'Mercy'
Topic 6 · CP06

Forgiveness

Can forgiveness and justice live together?
PARDON AND FORGIVESurah 64:14 tells believers that if they pardon, overlook and forgive, God is Most Forgiving and Merciful. Muslims forgive because Allah forgives them.
MAKKAHEntering Makkah in victory, Muhammad pardoned those who had persecuted the Muslims and driven them out, the model case of power used to forgive.
AFTER REPENTANCEForgiveness is not pretending nothing happened: repentance means admitting the wrong, being sorry, putting right what can be put right, and not repeating it.
RESTORATIVE JUSTICEIn restorative justice the offender and victim meet, the harm is faced and amends are made, close in spirit to the Qisas options of pardon or diyya.
Source of wisdom & authoritySurah 64:14 · 'Forgive them'
Topic 7 · CP07

Treatment of criminals

Do the guilty deserve rights at all?
FEED THE CAPTIVESurah 76:8 praises those who feed the needy, the orphan and the captive, the prisoner named alongside the people most deserving of care.
NO TORTUREIslam forbids torture and mutilation and forbids punishing anyone before guilt is proved; a confession forced out of a frightened person proves nothing.
FAIR TRIALEveryone is innocent until proven guilty before an impartial court, required both by Islamic rules of evidence and by Article 6 of the Human Rights Act.
HUMANE CONDITIONSThe UN's Mandela Rules set minimum prison standards, health care, family contact, no degrading treatment, defended by Muslim and secular campaigners alike.
Source of wisdom & authoritySurah 76:8 · 'They feed the captive'
Topic 8 · CP08

Capital punishment

Should any state hold the power of life and death?
ONE HADITHA well-known Hadith permits execution only in narrowly defined cases, 'a life for a life' and two others that scholars define strictly and dispute today.
THREE READINGSMuslims read it differently: as a duty, as a permission a family's forgiveness can set aside, or as a rule for a very different society.
QISAS QUALIFIES ITEven for murder, Surah 2:178 leaves the family the choice of retribution, diyya or pardon, so execution is never automatic in Islamic law.
THE UK POSITIONBritain abolished the death penalty for murder in 1965 and for all remaining offences by 1998, and the Human Rights Act protects the right to life.
Source of wisdom & authorityOne Hadith, three readings
03

Your resources

Everything for the unit, in one place: each topic's lesson deck and workbook pages, plus the unit-wide documents. The file each button points to is named underneath it.

Teacher setup: links aren't set yet. Open this file in a text editor, find the LINKS list near the bottom, and paste each SharePoint or OneDrive share link once. Buttons with no link show as "Link not set".
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How to revise this unit

Use the resources in this order: the same loop as the lessons, so revision feels like coming home.

Retrieve before you re-read

Five recall questions from memory: spelling Hudud, Qisas and Ta'zir in full, and naming who holds each position, self-scored /5 before opening any notes. Then the same five at +1 week and +1 month.

Re-walk the lesson deck

One deck per topic, CP_L01 to CP_L08. Cover the definitions, say them aloud, then reveal. The deck is the shortest route back into the topic.

Work the workbook pages

The Lesson Companion has the same task numbers as the board. Redo Task 3 (the key surah) and Task 5 (the capital punishment debate) from memory.

Write the (d) the Level 4 way

Chain · steelman · weigh both (a strength AND a limit) · justify. Check yourself against the Model Answer Bank before you look at any mark scheme.

The marks map · (a) (b) (c) · 12 marks · AO1
(a) 3 marks · outline three. Three crisp sentences; no development needed.
(b) 4 marks · explain two. Each point plus one development ("this means that…").
(c) 5 marks · explain two and use a source of wisdom and authority, one learned line, placed exactly.
The (d) · 12 marks (+3 SPaG on two of them) · AO2
What it is · a full evaluation: arguments for, arguments against, both developed, with religious teaching used on each side.
Level 3 (7–9) · logical reasoning across different viewpoints, accurate understanding, a partially justified conclusion.
Level 4 (10–12) · critical deconstruction, sustained and thorough accuracy, and a conclusion fully justified against the strongest counter-argument.
SPaG · 3 extra marks are awarded on two (d) questions per paper. Spell the key words correctly and use them accurately.
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Watch: the whole unit in one go

A full review of Crime and Punishment: all eight topics as one argument. Best watched before you revise, then again to check recall.

Video not set

Teacher: paste the YouTube link in the VIDEO_URL line near the bottom of this file. The player then appears here automatically.

06

Flashcards · test yourself

Flip a card to check yourself. Switch between key terms (term → meaning) and divergent views (view → what it claims), and filter by topic.

Tap any card to flip ·