Edexcel GCSE (9–1) Religious Studies B · Paper 2 · Area of study 4 · Peace and Conflict Harlington School · RE Course · Support Grade
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Unit 08

Peace and Conflict

Eight topics, one unit. The divergent Muslim views, and the non-religious ones this paper expects, set side by side, the key ideas connected, and every source of wisdom and authority in one place.

The
big
question

What does Islam teach about war and peace, and can any war, any weapon, or any refusal to fight ever be justified?

01

The divergent views explorer

Every (d) in this unit turns on the divergent views: the mainstream Muslim position, peace as the default and war a strictly conditioned defence, beside the Ahmadiyya pacifist reading, and beside the non-religious voice this paper expects: humanist, utilitarian, CND, the UN. Pick a topic, then tap a position to see what it claims. The top-marks move and a 7-minute discussion question travel with each topic.

Tap a circle, or use Tab and Enter, to explore each position.

The thread that ties it together

Top marks are not more content: they are three habits applied to every topic. Spot them and every (d) in this unit opens the same way.

Divergent views, side by side

Never one view at a time. Set the mainstream Muslim position, peace as the default, lesser jihad a strictly conditioned defence, beside the Ahmadiyya pacifist reading, and on this unit beside the humanist, CND or UN view too. That comparison IS the analysis the (d) is marked on.

The (d) regulation

Chain each point (claim → because → this means → therefore), steelman the other side, weigh BOTH arguments, a strength AND a limit, then justify the conclusion.

Source-first accuracy

A correctly named source beats a vague paraphrase: 'do not overstep the limits' (Surah 2:190), not 'the Qur'an says don't fight'; Abu Bakr's ten rules of war, not 'Islam has rules'. One learned line, placed precisely, is what turns a (c) from 3 marks into 5.

02

8 topics, one unit

Each panel is a topic's key idea: the connective explanation that links the key words into one argument, with the source of wisdom and authority the (c) question expects. Learn the chain, not the list.

Topic 1 · PC01

Peace

Why is peace the heart of Islam?
SALAM IS THE ROOTThe word Islam is related to salam, peace: submission to Allah is meant to bring harmony with God, with others and within yourself.
AS-SALAMPeace belongs to God's own character: As-Salam, the Source of Peace, is one of the 99 names, so a Muslim at peace reflects Allah.
SAID DAILYEvery meeting opens with As-salaamu alaykum, 'peace be upon you', and remembering Allah in prayer is how hearts find rest, peace practised, not just praised.
WORDS OF PEACESurah 25:63 describes the servants of the Lord walking humbly and answering the ignorant with words of peace, restraint held even under provocation.
Source of wisdom & authoritySurah 25:63 · 'Words of peace'
Topic 2 · PC02

Conflict

What really causes war, and is religion to blame?
MANY CAUSESWars grow from politics, ideology, nationalism, ethnicity, economics and religion, usually tangled together, so naming one single cause of any conflict is almost always too simple.
RELIGION'S SHAREOne survey of recorded history, the Encyclopedia of Wars, classes around 94% of wars as having no religious cause, religion is blamed far more often than it fights.
DEFENCE ONLYSurah 2:190 permits Muslims to fight those who attack them but commands 'do not overstep the limits', self-defence is allowed, aggression never is.
UNTIL THEY STOPThe same passage ends the fighting the moment the enemy ceases, because the aim was safety and freedom of worship, never conquest or revenge.
Source of wisdom & authoritySurah 2:190-193 · 'Do not overstep the limits'
Topic 3 · PC03

Pacifism

Is it ever right to refuse to fight?
FOUR KINDSPacifism comes in kinds: absolute (never fight), conditional (only if war would cost more than it saves), selective (refuse particular wars) and active (work against war itself).
SURAH 5:28In Surah 5:28 the innocent brother tells his attacker, 'If you raise your hand to kill me, I will not raise mine to kill you', a refusal the Qur'an honours.
NOT ABSOLUTEMainstream Islam is not absolutely pacifist, since defending the persecuted can be a duty, but it is conditionally pacifist: peace the default, war the last resort.
PASSIVE RESISTANCENon-violent action can still change the world: passive resistance ran through the Arab Spring, where mass protest rather than armies brought down governments.
Source of wisdom & authoritySurah 5:28 · 'I will not raise mine'
Topic 4 · PC04

Issues surrounding conflict

Does Islam promote terrorism, or condemn it?
THE ACCUSATIONBecause some terrorists claim to act for Islam, the religion itself is accused of promoting terror, an accusation this lesson tests against what Islam actually teaches.
SURAH 5:32Surah 5:32 teaches that killing one innocent person is like killing all mankind, so deliberately targeting civilians violates the Qur'an's own measure of murder.
THE TEN RULESAbu Bakr, the first caliph, ordered his army to spare women, children and the old, monks at prayer, even trees, crops and wells. War, with strict limits.
THE VERDICTTerrorism breaks every condition of lesser jihad, no legitimate authority, no defence, civilians targeted, which is why Muslim scholars worldwide condemn it as murder, not jihad.
Source of wisdom & authorityThe ten rules of war · Abu Bakr's instructions to his army
Topic 5 · PC05

Peacemaking

How do Muslims build peace?
THREE TOOLSPeacemaking runs on justice, forgiveness and reconciliation, right the wrong, release the resentment, rebuild the relationship, and it fails if any one of the three is missing.
REPEL WITH BETTERSurah 41:34 commands believers to repel evil with what is better, so that an enemy becomes 'as it were, a devoted friend', peacemaking as strategy, not weakness.
ORGANISED PEACEMuslims organise for peace: the Muslim Peace Fellowship works against violence, and Muslims join interfaith conferences to find common ground with non-Muslims.
EVERY DAYPeacemaking is also ordinary: the daily greeting of peace, charity, mending quarrels within the ummah, small reconciliations that make the large ones thinkable.
Source of wisdom & authoritySurah 41:34 · 'Repel evil with what is better'
Topic 6 · PC06

The Just War theory

Can a war ever be just?
THE CONDITIONSJust War theory sets conditions that must ALL be met: just cause, legitimate authority, right intention, last resort, proportionality and a reasonable chance of success.
ALL OR NOTHINGThe conditions work as a lock, not a menu: failing any single one, a private militia, a hopeless cause, excessive force, makes the whole war unjust.
ISLAM'S PARALLELLesser jihad runs on near-identical conditions, and Surah 4:75 supplies the just cause: fighting 'for those oppressed' who cry out for a protector.
LAST RESORTEven a war that passes every test remains an evil chosen to prevent a worse one. The theory exists to make war rare, not respectable.
Source of wisdom & authoritySurah 4:75 · 'For those oppressed'
Topic 7 · PC07

Holy war

When, if ever, is war holy?
HARB AL-MAQADISHoly war, Harb al-Maqadis, is war fought for a religious cause, and Islam allows it only under strict conditions, never as a weapon of conquest or conversion.
STRICT CONDITIONSIt must be declared by a legitimate religious authority, a khalifah, fought as a last resort to defend Islam against persecution, with civilians protected throughout.
FREEDOM OF BELIEFThe cause is freedom of belief, not its removal: 'there is no compulsion in religion' (Surah 2:256), so a war to force conversion could never be holy.
PEACE ENDS ITSurah 8:61 commands that if the enemy inclines towards peace, 'incline towards it also'. The moment peace is offered, the holy war must stop.
Source of wisdom & authoritySurah 8:61 · 'Incline towards peace'
Topic 8 · PC08

Weapons of mass destruction

Can a weapon that kills thousands ever be justified?
WHAT THEY AREWMD are nuclear, biological or chemical weapons, designed to kill on a scale no battlefield contains, and unable to tell a soldier from a child.
HIROSHIMA 1945At Hiroshima one bomb killed around 140,000 people, most of them civilians, and the radiation carried the harm into generations not yet born.
SURAH 5:32Surah 5:32 teaches that killing one innocent person is 'as if he kills all mankind', and a weapon of mass destruction does that almost literally.
THE DETERRENTYet some states, including Muslim-majority Pakistan, keep nuclear weapons as a deterrent, arguing that the threat of use is exactly what prevents their use.
Source of wisdom & authoritySurah 5:32 · 'As if he kills all mankind'
03

Your resources

Everything for the unit, in one place: each topic's lesson deck and workbook pages, plus the unit-wide documents. The file each button points to is named underneath it.

Teacher setup: links aren't set yet. Open this file in a text editor, find the LINKS list near the bottom, and paste each SharePoint or OneDrive share link once. Buttons with no link show as "Link not set".
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How to revise this unit

Use the resources in this order: the same loop as the lessons, so revision feels like coming home.

Retrieve before you re-read

Five recall questions from memory: the six Just War conditions, the difference between greater and lesser jihad, and who holds each position, self-scored /5 before opening any notes. Then the same five at +1 week and +1 month.

Re-walk the lesson deck

One deck per topic, PAC_L01 to PAC_L08. Cover the definitions, say them aloud, then reveal. The deck is the shortest route back into the topic.

Work the workbook pages

The workbook lives in the Year 11 folder in three tiers, standard, Grade 9 and Supported, with the same task numbers as the board. Redo Task 3 (the key surah) and Task 5 (the WMD debate) from memory.

Write the (d) the Level 4 way

Chain · steelman · weigh both (a strength AND a limit) · justify. Check yourself against the Model Answer Bank before you look at any mark scheme.

The marks map · (a) (b) (c) · 12 marks · AO1
(a) 3 marks · outline three. Three crisp sentences; no development needed.
(b) 4 marks · explain two. Each point plus one development ("this means that…").
(c) 5 marks · explain two and use a source of wisdom and authority, one learned line, placed exactly.
The (d) · 12 marks (+3 SPaG on two of them) · AO2
What it is · a full evaluation: arguments for, arguments against, both developed, with religious teaching used on each side.
Level 3 (7–9) · logical reasoning across different viewpoints, accurate understanding, a partially justified conclusion.
Level 4 (10–12) · critical deconstruction, sustained and thorough accuracy, and a conclusion fully justified against the strongest counter-argument.
SPaG · 3 extra marks are awarded on two (d) questions per paper. Spell the key words correctly and use them accurately.
05

Watch: the whole unit in one go

A full review of Peace and Conflict: all eight topics as one argument. Best watched before you revise, then again to check recall.

Video not set

Teacher: paste the YouTube link in the VIDEO_URL line near the bottom of this file. The player then appears here automatically.

06

Flashcards · test yourself

Flip a card to check yourself. Switch between key terms (term → meaning) and divergent views (view → what it claims), and filter by topic.

Tap any card to flip ·